AI-based, semi-supervised interactive map enrichment for radio access network planning

ABSTRACT

Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, obtaining user input identifying a first user-identified network feature of a training image of a geographical region. The training image and the user-identified feature are provided to a neural network adapted to train itself according to the user-identified features to obtain a first trained result that classifies objects within the image according to the user-identified feature. The training image and the first trained result are displayed, and user-initiated feedback is obtained to determine whether a training requirement has been satisfied. If not satisfied, the user-initiated feedback is provided to the neural network, which retrains itself according to the feedback to obtain a second trained result that identifies an updated machine-recognized feature of the training image. The process is repeated until a training requirement has been satisfied, after which a map is annotated according to the machine-recognized feature. Other embodiments are disclosed.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The subject disclosure relates to artificial intelligence-based,semi-supervised interactive map enrichment for radio access networkplanning.

BACKGROUND

Image classification without human intervention may be utilized invarious applications, such as self-driving vehicles, facial recognitionand robotics, to name a few. According to current practices, anautomatic image classification system may be trained according to a setof training images that are suitably labeled with a single category. Thesystem, having been trained, is subsequently asked to predict thatcategory for a novel set of test images. Accuracy of the predictions maybe measured and used to evaluate performance of the system.

Image classification systems include convolutional neural networks (CNN)adapted to process the set of training images to obtain trainingresults, which may be compared to the single category identified withinthe labeled data. Training in this manner requires large numbers oftraining images, each having been pre-labeled, e.g., by a human.According to a machine learning process, the CNN may adapt itselfaccording to the training result. Such adaptations representrefinements, such that after having repeated the process for asufficiently large number of times, the suitably trained CNN mayreliably recognize a category of an object in a novel image not providedwithin any images encountered in the training process.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are notnecessarily drawn to scale, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary, non-limitingembodiment of a communications network in accordance with variousaspects described herein.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of an AI-based, semi-supervised interactive image analysissystem functioning within the communication network of FIG. 1 inaccordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of operation of the AI-based, semi-supervised interactiveimage analysis system of FIG. 2A in accordance with various aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 2C is a block diagram illustrating another example, non-limitingembodiment of operation of the AI-based, semi-supervised interactiveimage analysis system of FIG. 2A in accordance with various aspectsdescribed herein.

FIG. 2D depicts an illustrative embodiment of an AI-based,semi-supervised interactive image analysis process in accordance withvarious aspects described herein.

FIG. 2E depicts an illustrative embodiment of an AI-based map enrichmentprocess in accordance with various aspects described herein.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of a virtualized communication network in accordance withvarious aspects described herein.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of acomputing environment in accordance with various aspects describedherein.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of amobile network platform in accordance with various aspects describedherein.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an example, non-limiting embodiment of acommunication device in accordance with various aspects describedherein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The subject disclosure describes, among other things, illustrativeembodiments for AI-based, semi-supervised interactive map enrichment forradio access network planning, in which maps and/or images are annotatedaccording to user input to identify one or more categories of interest.The annotations are used to train an AI system, e.g., including a CNN,to perform categorizations, which are, in turn, presented for userevaluation. User feedback to the presented evaluations is obtained andused to improve performance of the AI system, e.g., the CNN, accordingto an iterative process, until an acceptable level performance isachieved. Once AI system has been suitably trained, a map or collectionof maps and/or images may be enriched based on categorizations and/oridentifications of features obtain via AI-based processes.

The illustrative embodiments disclosed herein include applications inwhich AI-based system processes radio network planning images, e.g.,obtained via satellite, aerial observation and/or ground survey, toidentify one or more features relevant to radio network operationsand/or planning. For example, geographical maps may be enriched byidentifying locations of potential antenna mounting structures, such asantenna masts, utility poles, street signs, traffic lights, and/orbuildings. In at least some instances, enrichment may includeidentification features relevant for radio link planning, such asbuildings, vegetation including trees, other existing RF equipment,e.g., antennas, that may pose potential blockage and/or interference toa particular deployment, Other embodiments are described in the subjectdisclosure.

One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include a process forannotating a map. The process includes receiving, by a processing systemincluding a processor, input from user equipment. The input identifies afirst wireless network feature of a number of wireless network featuresof a training image of a geographical region to obtain a user-identifiedfeature. The process also includes training, by the processing system, aneural network according to the training image and the user-identifiedfeature to obtain a first trained result that identifies amachine-recognized feature of the training image. The training furtherincludes sending, by the processing system, the training image and thefirst trained result to the user equipment for display at a displaydevice, resulting in a displayed training result. User-initiatedfeedback is received by the processing system from the user equipment.The user-initiated feedback is received responsive to the displayedtraining result. A training score is determined, by the processingsystem, responsive to the user-initiated feedback. Responsive to thetraining score not satisfying a training requirement, the neural networkis re-trained, by the processing system, according to the training imageand the user-initiated feedback to obtain a second trained result thatidentifies an updated machine-recognized feature of the training image.Responsive to the training score satisfying a training requirement a mapis annotated, by the processing system, according to themachine-recognized feature to obtain an annotated map.

One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include a non-transitory,machine-readable medium including executable instructions that, whenexecuted by a processing system including a processor, facilitateperformance of operations. The operations include obtaining input fromuser equipment, the input identifying a first network feature of aplurality of network features of a training image of a geographicalregion to obtain a user-identified feature. The operations furtherinclude training a neural network according to the training image andthe user-identified feature to obtain a first trained result thatidentifies a machine-recognized feature of the training image. Thetraining further includes providing the training image and the firsttrained result for display at a display device, resulting in a displayedtraining result, obtaining, from the user equipment, user-initiatedfeedback responsive to the displayed training result, and determining atraining result responsive to the user-initiated feedback. Responsive tothe training score not satisfying a training requirement, the neuralnetwork is re-trained according to the training image and theuser-initiated feedback to obtain a second trained result thatidentifies an updated machine-recognized feature of the training image.Responsive to the training result satisfying a training requirement amap is annotated according to the machine-recognized feature to obtainan annotated map.

One or more aspects of the subject disclosure include a device includinga processing system having a processor and a memory that storesexecutable instructions. The executable instructions, when executed bythe processing system, facilitate performance of operations that includeobtaining input from user equipment, the input identifying a firstnetwork feature of a number of network features of a training image of ageographical region to obtain a user-identified feature. The trainingimage and the user-identified feature are provided to a neural networkadapted to train itself according to the training image and theuser-identified features to obtain a first trained result thatidentifies a machine-recognized feature of the training image. Thetraining further includes providing the training image and the firsttrained result for display at a display device, resulting in a displayedtraining result, obtaining, from the user equipment, user-initiatedfeedback responsive to the displayed training result, and determining atraining result responsive to the user-initiated feedback. Responsive tothe training result not satisfying a training requirement, providing theuser-initiated feedback to the neural network adapted to re-train itselfaccording to the user-initiated feedback to obtain a second trainedresult that identifies an updated machine-recognized feature of thetraining image. Responsive to the training result satisfying a trainingrequirement, annotating a map according to the machine-recognizedfeature to obtain an annotated map.

Planning of cellular networks requires taking into account a variety offeatures regarding the environment and of geospatial entities. For anetwork planner, it could be useful to detect poles and other potentialmount locations and add them to the map, to find possible locations forcellular antennas. Discovering obstructions to cellular transmissions,such as buildings and vegetation could be useful, when deciding where toposition antennas. Existing maps are often incomplete and lack manyimportant features. Many of these features could be discovered fromsatellite, aerial or other images. Adding features to maps, such aspoles, buildings, satellite dishes, etc., may be accomplished manually.However, using humans for this is labor intensive, expensive and slow.It is conceivable that traditional machine-learning techniques may beemployed. Using traditional machine-learning techniques require largetraining sets prepared with pre-labeled data, training, and validation.Such a process would be costly, slow and inflexible.

According to traditional machine-learning techniques, training imagesand test images may be obtained from a common set of pre-labeled images.Training sets of this kind generally include very large numbers oftraining images, each image having been evaluated and pre-labeledbeforehand. Numbers of images can range into tens of thousands. One suchexample is a standard dataset used in computer vision and deep learning,referred to as the Modified National Institute of Standards andTechnology (MINST) dataset handwritten digit classification problem. Thedataset includes 60,000 small square 28×28 pixel grayscale images ofhandwritten single digits between 0 and 9. The task is to classify agiven image of a handwritten digit into one of 10 classes representinginteger values from 0 to 9, inclusively. Reports indicate that systemsmay achieve classification accuracies of above 99%. Unfortunately, suchtraining sets require vast numbers of pre-labeled data. Although somestandardized training sets are available, they are limited in bothnumber and scope.

According to the novel techniques disclosed herein, an interactiveprocess is applied, in which users mark on a map and/or images, examplesof areas containing one or more entities of interest. In at least someembodiments, the user also marks on the maps/images other examples ofareas without such entities. A neural network (NN) can be applied tolearn where there are entities that are of interest and where there areno such entities. For example, the user marks the areas where there aretrees and areas where there are no trees, and the system uses that tolearn and return other areas with trees. The system is interactive anddynamic. If the learning result is inaccurate, due to insufficientexamples, the user can label additional “good” and “bad” examples, andthe system retrain its model, to achieve more accurate results; buildingup on previous learnt model.

According to the techniques disclosed herein, a system may be adapted todynamically learn entities that are relevant to a specific city orarea—entities that may affect network planning, like man-madeconstructions, large boulders, vegetation, etc.—Different features mayrequire a different learning rate. In at least some embodiments, alearning rate and/or other learning parameters may be adjusted byexamining how accurate are the results based on user input providedaccording to an interactive labeling process. Consequently, mapenrichment may be used to add geospatial entities to the map, e.g.,detecting a new pole and adding it to the map, and to add annotations toexisting entitles, e.g., add to a building a label saying it has a glassexterior, or annotating buildings with large antennas, labelingbuildings with a helicopter landing pad on their rooftop, etc.

Beneficially, the techniques disclosed herein apply a novel machinelearning approach, in which a machine may be trained sufficiently,without requiring the large numbers of training images typicallyrequired by other systems. At least one approach utilizes an iterativeprocess to categorize images, e.g., by adding and/or labeling featuresor objects portrayed in an image. Examples disclosed herein generallyrelate to radio access network (RAN) planning, in which categorizedfeatures may include wireless antennas, antenna mounting structures,such as masts, buildings, utility poles, hilltops, and the like. Suchfeatures may be used by RAN planners to identify suitable locations forlocating infrastructure, such as antennas, base station terminals, andthe like. In at least some embodiments, the categorized features mayinclude objects that might otherwise impede and/or interfere with RANoperation. Examples include, without limitation, buildings, trees,hilltops, and the like. It is envisioned that suitably trained systemsemploying the techniques disclosed herein may evaluate maps and/orimages, such as aerial (i.e., drone) and/or satellite images, tocategorize features portrayed within the images as may be useful to RANplanning activity.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a block diagram is shown illustrating anexample, non-limiting embodiment of a communications network 100 inaccordance with various aspects described herein. For example,communications network 100 can facilitate in whole or in part receivinguser data that labels one or more objects within a training image as acategory of interest and applying the user data and the training imageto a CNN to obtain a trained result. The trained result may identifyother machine-recognized features within the training image according tothe category of interest. The trained result may be presented at adisplay device, allowing the user to evaluate accuracy of themachine-recognized features. User-initiated feedback, e.g., identifyingpositive results (i.e., successful categorizations) and/or negativeresults (i.e., mis-categorizations) may be provided to the CNN, which isadapted to re-evaluate the same image and/or a different image accordingto the user-initiated feedback. The process may be repeated for multipleiterations, e.g., until a suitable performance is achieved, after whichthe suitably trained CNN may be applied to other novel images. Inparticular, a communications network 125 is presented for providingbroadband access 110 to a plurality of data terminals 114 via accessterminal 112, wireless access 120 to a plurality of mobile devices 124and vehicle 126 via base station or access point 122, voice access 130to a plurality of telephony devices 134, via switching device 132 and/ormedia access 140 to a plurality of audio/video display devices 144 viamedia terminal 142. In addition, communication network 125 is coupled toone or more content sources 175 of audio, video, graphics, text and/orother media. While broadband access 110, wireless access 120, voiceaccess 130 and media access 140 are shown separately, one or more ofthese forms of access can be combined to provide multiple accessservices to a single client device (e.g., mobile devices 124 can receivemedia content via media terminal 142, data terminal 114 can be providedvoice access via switching device 132, and so on).

The communications network 125 includes a plurality of network elements(NE) 150, 152, 154, 156, etc., for facilitating the broadband access110, wireless access 120, voice access 130, media access 140 and/or thedistribution of content from content sources 175. The communicationsnetwork 125 can include a circuit switched or packet switched network, avoice over Internet protocol (VoIP) network, Internet protocol (IP)network, a cable network, a passive or active optical network, a 4G, 5G,or higher generation wireless access network, WIMAX network,UltraWideband network, personal area network or other wireless accessnetwork, a broadcast satellite network and/or other communicationsnetwork.

In various embodiments, the access terminal 112 can include a digitalsubscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM), cable modem terminationsystem (CMTS), optical line terminal (OLT) and/or other access terminal.The data terminals 114 can include personal computers, laptop computers,netbook computers, tablets or other computing devices along with digitalsubscriber line (DSL) modems, data over coax service interfacespecification (DOCSIS) modems or other cable modems, a wireless modemsuch as a 4G, 5G, or higher generation modem, an optical modem and/orother access devices.

In various embodiments, the base station or access point 122 can includea 4G, 5G, or higher generation base station, an access point thatoperates via an 802.11 standard such as 802.11n, 802.11ac or otherwireless access terminal. The mobile devices 124 can include mobilephones, e-readers, tablets, phablets, wireless modems, and/or othermobile computing devices.

In various embodiments, the switching device 132 can include a privatebranch exchange or central office switch, a media services gateway, VoIPgateway or other gateway device and/or other switching device. Thetelephony devices 134 can include traditional telephones (with orwithout a terminal adapter), VoIP telephones and/or other telephonydevices.

In various embodiments, the media terminal 142 can include a cablehead-end or other TV head-end, a satellite receiver, gateway or othermedia terminal 142. The display devices 144 can include televisions withor without a set top box, personal computers and/or other displaydevices.

In various embodiments, the content sources 175 include broadcasttelevision and radio sources, video on demand platforms and streamingvideo and audio services platforms, one or more content data networks,data servers, web servers and other content servers, and/or othersources of media.

In various embodiments, the communications network 125 can includewired, optical and/or wireless links and the network elements 150, 152,154, 156, etc., can include service switching points, signal transferpoints, service control points, network gateways, media distributionhubs, servers, firewalls, routers, edge devices, switches and othernetwork nodes for routing and controlling communications traffic overwired, optical and wireless links as part of the Internet and otherpublic networks as well as one or more private networks, for managingsubscriber access, for billing and network management and for supportingother network functions.

In some embodiments, such as the example system 100, a RAN planningserver 180 is in communication with one or more mobile devices 124, 126and/or static devices, e.g., 114, and/or media terminals 142. The RANplanning server 180 may be adapted to facilitate in whole or in part mapenrichment for RAN planning. In at least some embodiments, the RANplanning server 180 obtains one or more images of a region to beevaluated for RAN planning purposes and provides at least some of theone or more images to user equipment for evaluation, e.g., labeling. Theexample system 100, further includes a neural network, illustrated as aCNN processor 182. The CNN may be in communication with the RAN planningserver 180. Alternatively or in addition, the CNN processor 182 may bein communication with one or more mobile devices 124, 126 and/or staticdevices, e.g., 114, and/or media terminals 142, and/or other componentsof the communication network 125, e.g., one or more of the networkelements 150, 152, 154, 156. In at least some embodiments, the RANplanning server 180 may be adapted to facilitate in whole or in partAI-based, semi-supervised interactive map enrichment for RAN planning.

In at least some embodiments, the mobile devices 124, 126 may includeresident functionality 184 a, 184 b, . . . 184 n, generally 184, e.g.,in the form of any one of an operating system, a client, a resident app,and combinations thereof. The resident functionality may be adapted toperform one or more of the techniques disclosed herein, such aspresentation of RAN site planning images and/or maps, presentation ofinteractive user interfaces adapted to accept user feedback. Thefeedback may include labeling, e.g., identification of one or morecategories of interest, feedback to machine-categorizations, e.g., in aform of positive feedback identifying correct categorizations and/ornegative feedback identifying incorrect categorizations and/or featuresthat may have been missed in any machine categorization, as discussedfurther below. In at least some embodiments, the resident functionality184 operations in cooperation with external functionality, e.g.,functionality of other mobile devices and/or services and/or systems.For example, the resident functionality provides client functionality ofa client-server arrangement, in which server functionality is providedby another device, such as the RAN planning server 180 and/or the CNNprocessor 182.

Likewise, the stationary devices 114 may be adapted with functionality186 a . . . 186 m, generally 186, and the media terminal 142 adaptedwith functionality 188, in the form of any one of an operating system, aclient, a resident app, and combinations thereof. The residentfunctionalities 186, 188 may be adapted to perform one or more of thetechniques disclosed herein, such as presentation of RAN site planningimages and/or maps, presentation of interactive user interfaces adaptedto accept user feedback. The feedback may include labeling, e.g.,identification of one or more categories of interest, feedback tomachine-categorizations, e.g., in a form of positive feedbackidentifying correct categorizations and/or negative feedback identifyingincorrect categorizations and/or features that may have been missed inany machine categorization. In at least some embodiments, one or more ofthe functionalities 186, 188 operate in cooperation with externalfunctionality, e.g., functionality of other devices and/or servicesand/or systems. For example, the functionality 186 and/or 188 mayprovide client functionality of a client-server arrangement, in whichserver functionality is provided by another device, such as the RANplanning server 180 and/or the CNN processor 182. In some embodiments,the stationary devices 114 and/or the media terminal 142 may includenetwork enabled devices, such as smart appliances, and the likeimplementing machine-type communications. It is envisioned that one ormore stationary devices 114 and/or the media terminal 142 may be adaptedto facilitate one or more of the presentation of RAN site planningimages and/or maps, presentation of interactive user interfaces adaptedto accept user feedback, acceptance of user labeling, and/or feedback tomachine-categorizations.

In some embodiments, functionalities of one or more of the RAN planningserver 180 and/or the CNN processor 182 may be implemented in whole orin part on one or more of the mobile devices 124, 126, on one or more ofthe stationary devices 114 and/or one or more of the media terminals142. Accordingly, it is envisioned that in at least some embodiments,one or more of the RAN planning server 180 and/or the CNN processor 182may not be required, as their respective functionalities may beimplemented on other elements of the system 100, such as the networkelements 150, 152, 154, 156, the mobile terminals 124, 126, thestationary devices 114 and/or the media terminals 142.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of an AI-based, semi-supervised interactive image analysissystem 200 functioning within the communication network of FIG. 1 inaccordance with various aspects described herein. The system includes aRAN planning processor 202 adapted to facilitate AI-based,semi-supervised interactive analysis of images, such as maps used inassociation with planning, maintaining, and/or evaluation performance ofRAN links and/or associated infrastructure. The example system 200further includes a neural network, namely a CNN processor 203, a RANplanning user device 204, a storage system 205 and at least one network206 adapted to facilitate communications between and/or among one ormore of the RAN planning processor 202, the CNN processor 203, the RANplanning user device 204 and the storage system 205.

The RAN planning processor 202, and/or the CNN processor 203 may includea processing device, such as a server, a workstation, a personalcomputer that may provide dedicated functionality and/or functionalityshared with other applications. In some embodiments, the processingdevices 202, 203 may include stationary devices, e.g., back-end devicespositioned within a data processing facility, a data center, a corenetwork, and so on. Alternatively or in addition, the processing devices202, 203 may include mobile devices, such as a laptop computer, a tabletprocessor and/or a mobile communication device, such as a smartphone.Likewise, the RAN planning user device 204, may include similarstationary devices and/or a mobile devices.

The storage system 205 may include a dedicated storage device providinglong-term storage, and/or short-term storage. The storage device mayinclude one or more of a hard-disk drive, e.g., magnetic storage, anoptical storage device, e.g., a CD and/or DVD storage device, anelectronical storage device, e.g., a flash-drive, a memory stick, RAM,EEPROM, and the like. Storage of data in the storage system 205 may beorganized according to a file server system, a database, a catalogue andthe like.

It is understood that one or more of the RAN planning processor 202, theCNN processor 203, the RAN planning user device 204 and the storagesystem 205 may be implemented within a common device. For example, theRAN planning processor 202 may be adapted to include functionality ofthe CNN processor 203. Likewise, the RAN planning processor 202 mayinclude local storage adapted to store and/or retrieve data according tooperation of AI-based, semi-supervised interactive image analysis. Theexample RAN planning user device 204 is adapted to provide supportingfunctionality, such as presentation of RAN planning maps and/or images,acceptance of user input, e.g., input that labels a map and/or imageaccording to a category of interest, presentation of machine-generatedcategorizations and/or acceptance of user input providing feedback toany machine-generated categorizations. The functionality may be in theform of machine-readable instructions at least partly resident withinthe RAN planning user device 204, e.g., a user application or RANplanning app 207.

The CNN processor 203 may include local storage adapted to store and/orretrieve data according to operation of AI-based, semi-supervisedinteractive image analysis. The example CNN processor 203 can be adaptedto provide supporting CNN functionality, such a CNN functionality 208adapted to implement machine learning, e.g., according to AI. The CNNfunctionality 208 can be trained according to the techniques disclosedherein to categorize RAN planning maps and/or images according to one ormore categories of interest. The CNN functionality 208 may categorize amap and/or image, e.g., a photograph, according to user input. The CNNfunctionality 208 may be trained according to the map and/or imagetogether with user-provided labels. The CNN functionality 208 may beadapted to provide machine-generated categorizations and/or acceptanceof user input to the same image, e.g., providing feedback to anymachine-generated categorizations, and/or to different images, e.g.,novel images to which the CNN functionality may not have been trained.

The CNN functionality 208 may generate and/or otherwise update a neuralnetwork 209. The neural network 209 may include one or more nodes thatmay be organized according to a layered structure that includes amapping of interconnections between the one or more nodes. Activationsin one layer generally influence activations in another layer. The nodesof the neural network 209 may have associated weights and/or biases thatmay affect activations among the layers. It is understood that during atraining process, including the user-assisted iterative processdisclosed herein, one or more of the nodes, the layering of the nodes,interconnections of the nodes and/or weights and biases may bedetermined and/or otherwise modified according to a training phase ofthe process. Once trained, the neural network 209 may be considered as amodel adapted to evaluate images according to a particular category ofinterest, e.g., to classify features portrayed within the imagesaccording to the category(ies) of interest. In at least someembodiments, one or more of the maps, images, and/or model(s) determinedby the CNN functionality 208 may be stored at the CNN processor 203and/or at one or more of the RAN planning processor, the user device 204and/or the storage system 205 as stored items 201.

An example training image 210 is provided, which includes a number offeatures. Namely, the training image 210 includes a first antenna mast211 a, a second antenna mast 211 b, a building 212, a tree and/or groupof trees 213 and a hill and/or mountain 214. The training image 210 hasa corresponding size, defined in the illustrative example, as a width Wand a height H. The width and/or height may be defined according to anumber of pixels. Alternatively or in addition, the width and/or heightmay be defined according to a reference display size and/or a referenceviewport, such as an open window of a display 215 of the RAN planninguser device 204.

In operation, a first RAN planning task may include identification ofany suitable antenna mounting entities that may be portrayed within theimage 210. According to the illustrative example, a user observing theimage 210 at the display 215 may identify the first antenna mast 211 aas a suitable antenna mounting entity. For example, the RAN planning app207 may present a graphic user interface (GUI) adapted to accept userinput identifying an entity of interest, in this instance, an antennamast. In some embodiments, the GUI accepts user-definition of a firstborder 216 around a portion of the image 210 including the first antennamast 211 a. User input may include a location and/or size of the border216. In at least some instances, instructions are provided to the userto draw the border 216 to include the entity of interest, whileincluding as little else. For example, the border 216 is drawn in arelatively tight fashion so as to include as small a region of the image210 as necessary to include the antenna mast 211 a.

Alternatively or in addition, the image 210 may be subdivided into anarrangement of image segments or tiles 217. According to theillustrative example, and without limitation, the image 210 is segmentedinto an arrangement of nine, non-overlapping tiles 217, arranged in a3×3 grid. In at least some embodiments, the GUI is adapted to provide auser indication of the segments, e.g., providing dashed segment borders218, although such user indications may not be necessary. A user mayselect a location including an entity of interest, e.g., pointing to thefirst antenna mast 211 a. In at least some embodiments, a border 216 maybe determined according to a boarder 218 of an image segment 217including the antenna mast 211 a. In such instances, a boarder 218 ofthe selected image segment 217 may be highlighted and/or otherwiseidentified at the GUI, e.g., over the image 210 to provide an indicationto the user of the image border 216, in this example, a size of theimage segment including the antenna mast 211 a. The example imagesegments have a corresponding width w and height h, i.e., w×h, that maybe determined in a like manner to the overall image size, W×H.

It is understood that the image segments 217 of the image 210 may bedetermined according to a common, i.e., uniform size and shape. Forexample, the image segments may be defined according to the same shape,e.g., a rectangle, a square, a triangle, a parallelogram, e.g., adiamond, or more generally, any regular polygon, e.g., hexagon, and soon. Alternatively or in addition, segments may be defined according tomore than one different shapes, e.g., triangles, parallelograms and/orhexagons. The sizes may be uniform, or they may differ.

In some embodiments, the sizes and/or shapes of the image segments maybe pre-configured. For example, images processed by the CNNfunctionality 208 may begin according to a 3×3 segmentation of theoriginal image 210. Alternatively or in addition, the size and/or shapeof the image segments may be user-defined. For example, a user mayselect and/or otherwise instruction that the original image 210 beprocessed according to a particular arrangement of image segments 217,e.g., a uniform 3×3 grid. In some embodiments, segmentation may bedetermined in response to user identification of an entity of interest.For example, a user manipulating the GUI may delineate a border 216about the first antenna mast 211 a. In response to the delineatedboarder 216, the RAN planning app 207 may segment the image according toa suitable arrangement to accommodate a size, shape and/or location ofthe entity of interest, i.e., the first antenna mast 211 a. To theextent the resulting boarder, e.g., the segment boarder 220, does notinclude the entire antenna mast 211 a, the GUI may be adapted to allow auser to manipulate the image, e.g., sizing, scaling and/or translatingit such that the selected image segment 217 includes an entirety of theentity of interest.

It is envisioned that an arrangement of the image segments 217 may bedetermined according to the CNN functionality 208. For example, thesegment size and/or shape may be set according to predeterminedparameters, e.g., all machine learning beginning according to a 3×3rectangular arrangement. Such predetermined parameters may include pixelsize, e.g., w×h pixels. Alternatively or in addition, the predeterminedparameters may be determined to an absolute size of the image, and/or arelative size of the image, e.g., according to a corresponding displayarea and/or viewport.

Although a size, shape and/or arrangement of image segments may beestablished or otherwise fixed at one point in time, it is understoodthat such arrangements of segments may be modified, e.g., duringimplementation of the machine learning process. For example, the CNNfunctionality 208 may begin a machine-learning process according to arelatively coarse segmentation, e.g., the example 3×3 grid. It isunderstood that the initial segmentation, e.g., determined according toa default segmentation as may be established according to one or more ofthe CNN functionality, 208, a capability of the user device 204, and/ora user selection and/or preference as might otherwise be identified in auser profile. According to an implementation of the machine-learningprocess, the default segmentation may be refined. For example, one ormore of the shape, size and/or number of segments may be modified. Themodifications may include a refinement, in which a size of the segmentsis reduced and/or a number of segments is increased for the image 210.Such modifications may be responsive to earlier machine-learningresults.

For example, a user may determine that the training is proceeding welland opt to modify segmentation to expedite processing. A user may chooseto increase a size of each tile 217 and/or reduce a number of tiles ofthe image 210. Such reduction in numbers of tiles may expediteprocessing by the CNN functionality 208 as fewer tiles would beprocessed. Likewise, a user may determine that the training isunacceptable and opt to modify segmentation to refine and/or enhanceprocessing. In this regard, the user may choose to reduce a size of eachtile 217 and/or increase a number of tiles of the image 210. Such anincrease in the numbers of tiles may enhance accuracy of imageclassifications by increasing processing time required by the CNNfunctionality 208 as a greater number of tiles would be processed forthe same image 210.

In at least some embodiments, such modifications of a size, shape,number and/or arrangement of image tiles 217 may be determined accordingto a policy, a rule and/or logic. For example, a rating, ranking and/orscore may be determined according to a performance of the CNNfunctionality in classifying entities of interest. Such a rating,ranking and/or score may be evaluated, e.g., compared to a thresholdvalue, to determine whether the performance is sufficiently reliable. Tothe extent it is unreliable, the segmentation may be modified accordingto an algorithm to enhance a quality of the results perhaps at theexpense of processing time. The algorithm may be based on one or more ofa current arrangement of segments, a default arrangement of segments, acapability of the user device 204, a subscription level of a subscriberto a RAN evaluation service and the like. For example, tile size mayincreased and/or decreased, as the case may be, by a factor, e.g., afactor of two, and the machine-learning process repeated with themodified tile size. Alternatively or in addition the tile size may beincreases and/or decreased according to a percentage. It is understoodthat the factor and/or percentage of any such modification may bedetermined according to a capability of the user device, and/or a userpreference, such as an identified processing time. Consider a userselecting that each training step be accomplished in less than athreshold time, e.g., 30 seconds. A tile size modification may beselected according to the algorithm to ensure that the threshold time isnot exceeded.

In operation, the training image 210 may be presented on the display215, allowing a user to select and/or otherwise identify a region of theimage 210 that includes the first antenna mast 211 a. The image 210 maybe segmented according to any of the example segmentation scenariosdisclosed herein to obtain multiple image segments 217. In at least someembodiments, each of the image segments 217 may be processedindividually by the CNN functionality 208 as if it were a test image.The results for each segment may be displayed independently, e.g.,sequentially as machine-learning results are obtained by the CNNfunctionality 208. Alternatively or in addition, the results obtainedfor individual image segments 217 may be collected and presented at thedisplay 215 as an updated image that includes machine-learned results.

The machine learned results may indicate other regions of the image,e.g., other segments and/or features portrayed within the imagedelineated by a respective border 219. A user may inspect the results todetermine whether the CNN functionality 208 has correctly and/orsufficiently applied prior training to other features within the image210. According to the illustrated example, the user identifies the1^(st) antenna mast 211 a as an entity of interest. The user input andthe image are provided to the CNN functionality 208, which trains theneural network 209 according to the user input and applies the trainingto other segments of the image. In this instance, the neural network 209has identified a building 212 as a suitable location for mounting anantenna. To the extent the building is appropriate, and it may be, thetraining may be considered successful. However, to the extent the buildis not suitably similar, namely, to the extent a user wished todistinguish between antenna masts and buildings, the user may providefeedback, e.g., via the GUI, to indicate that the machine-learned result219 is incorrect.

In at least some embodiments, the user feedback is provided as anegative example, that the identified structure does not correspond tothe entity of interest. The negative feedback may be provided to the CNNfunctionality 208 that may continue according to a machine-learningprocess to updated the neural network 209. The process may be repeatedin an iterative manner, processing different segments of the image andreturning results. The process may continue until a sufficientlyreliable result is obtained. Alternatively or in addition, the processmay continue until there is nothing more to be obtained from the image.In at least some embodiments, the CNN functionality 208 and/or the RANplanning processor 202 may determine that processing should continueaccording to a different image. For example, the image may provide alimited number of entities of interest and/or other entities. Once thelimited number have been learned, the process may be applied to anothertest image including user indication of the entity of interest.Alternatively or in addition, the process may continue according to anovel image and provide results. The user may continue to providefeedback until the neural network 209 has been sufficiently trained.

Once trained, the process can transition from a learning mode in whichthe CNN functionality 208 revises and updated the neural network 209 toan operational mode in which the trained neural network 209, or model,is applied to novel images to obtain classifications of entities ofinterest. It is understood that performance may vary according to imagequality, terrain variances, image perspectives, time of day lighting,and the like. Accordingly, it is understood that operations maytransition from an operational mode to a training mode to enhance and/orotherwise modify or improve performance of the neural network 209. In atleast some embodiments, a transition from an operational mode to atraining mode may be initiated by a user selection at the GUI. Namely,the user may observe that results are inaccurate, determining thatfurther training is required.

It is understood that in at least some embodiments, training may bedetermined according to one or more of a type or class of entity ofinterest. For example, one model 209 may be obtained from a trainingsession in which the model 209 has been trained to classify a particulartype of antenna mounting structures, e.g., antenna masts. Another modelmay be obtained from a different training session in which a differentmodel has been trained to classify a different type of antenna mountingstructure, e.g., a building. Another example of this is when indifferent areas there are different antenna structures, so there mightbe a need for a different model or to re-train the model. In at leastsome applications, multiple models may be applied to the same image 210to identify different features. Classification results may be obtainedin common record, e.g., an annotated map or image, stored in the storagesystem 205 and presented at the user device 204 to facilitate RANplanning.

It is understood that entities of interest for RAN planning may includestructures and/or features that may impede performance of a radio link.For example, some structures, such as trees 213 and/or buildings 212 mayattenuate and/or block radio transmission. Accordingly, a RAN plannermay identify such structures as entities of interest and theclassification process implemented as disclosed herein to classifyimages according to these types of features. For example, a user mayidentify the trees 213 by drawing a border 220 about the trees and/orselecting an image tile 217 including the trees. In some embodiments, auser may identify a region of the image 210, e.g., according to a border221, that identifies an area that does not include the entity ofinterest.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram 230 illustrating an example, non-limitingembodiment of operation of the AI-based, semi-supervised interactiveimage analysis system of FIG. 2A in accordance with various aspectsdescribed herein. According to the illustrative example, a trainingimage 231 is a satellite image of an area containing multiple vehicles,buildings and/or portions of buildings, a roadway and so on. The imagemay be presented at a user display and the user may identify entities ofinterest using a GUI. According to the illustrative example, the userhas marked some of the vehicles as entities of interest. The markingincludes first highlighted borders 232, e.g., rectangles, drawn aboutregions of the image including the identified entities of interest. Thefirst borders 232 are sized and oriented to bound the entity ofinterest, without including any additional portions of the image thanotherwise necessary to bout the entity of interest. In at least someembodiments, the user may mark other entities observable within theimage that are not entities of interest. Such marking may be performedin a similar manner, e.g., obtaining second highlight borders 233 thatare distinguishable from the first borders 232, e.g., according to acolor, a style, and so on. For example the first borders 232 may begreen and/or solid lines, whereas, the second borders may be red and/ordashed or dotted lines. According to a training phase, the image and theuser input is provided to a CNN 234. The CNN 234 processes cellsaccording to sub-regions of the image 231 to obtain a trained model 235.

The process may be repeated as necessary on the same image and/or ondifferent images. A grid similarity measurement may be performed at 236in which sub-regions of the image are evaluated to determine whetherthey include the trained feature of interest, e.g., a positive result, afeature that is not the trained feature of interest, e.g., a negativeresult, and possibly sub-regions that have not been labeled, e.g., theyhave not been evaluated and/or they do not include features that havebeen identified and/or otherwise classified. In at least someembodiments, sub-regions of the image are identified in a classificationmap 237 that distinguishes positive sub-regions 238 and negativesub-regions 239.

FIG. 2C is a block diagram 240 illustrating another example,non-limiting embodiment of operation of the AI-based, semi-supervisedinteractive image analysis system of FIG. 2A in accordance with variousaspects described herein. According to a first iteration 241, a firstimage 242′, e.g., a photographic satellite image, is presented at adisplay of a user device. The user, with the assistance of a GUI,identifies several examples of an entity of interest within the image.According to the illustrative example, the user has caused borders to bedrawn about the entities of interest, namely, three borders 243′ drawnabout three vehicles portrayed within the first image 242′. The imageincludes at least one other entity of interest 244 that was notidentified by the user. The user annotations 243′ are provided togetherwith the first image 242′ to CNN functionality 208 (FIG. 2A). Accordingto a training phase, the CNN functionality trains a neural network 209(FIG. 2A) according to the user annotations 243′.

The trained neural network 209 is subsequently applied to the firstimage 242′ to obtain a first classification result, which is portrayedas machine-generated annotations of the first image 242′ Namely, theannotations include first annotations 246′ corresponding to the originalthe user annotations 243′, as well as additional annotations 246″identifying recognized or classified objects corresponding tomachine-recognized features according to the entity of interest. Theclassification result includes other features, e.g., a vehicle 247, thatwere not yet recognized. According to the illustrative example, theclassification result includes other recognized objects 248 that havenot been classified according to the entity of interest.

The first iteration results, together with the annotations 246′, 246″,248 are presented at the display of the user device. The user, with theassistance of the GUI, identifies one or more additional examples of theentity of interest that have not yet been recognized within the firstimage 242′ by the CNN functionality 208. According to the illustrativeexample, the user has caused borders to be drawn about the additionalentities of interest, namely, three borders 243″ drawn about severalother, as yet unrecognized, vehicles portrayed within the first image242′. The user annotations 243″ are provided together with the firstimage 242′ to CNN functionality 208, which according to the trainingphase, re-trains, or otherwise updates, the neural network 209 accordingto the supplemental user annotations 243″.

According to a second iteration 245, the re-trained neural network 209is further applied to the first image 242′ to obtain a secondclassification result 242′″, which is portrayed as machine-generatedannotations 246″ of the first image 242′ Namely, the annotations includesecond annotations 246″ corresponding to the earlier user annotations243′, 243″, as well as additional annotations 246″ identifyingrecognized or classified objects corresponding to machine-recognizedfeatures according to the entity of interest. The classification resultincludes other features, e.g., a vehicle 246″, that were not yetrecognized.

At this point, e.g., having determined that the trained neural network209 has accurately identified the entities of interest within the firstimage 242′, without identifying other objects and/or misidentifying anyother objects, the user and/or the RAN analysis application, and/or theCNN functionality 208 may transition from a learning phase to a testingphase. According to the testing phase, a different image 252 isprocessed by the CNN functionality 208 according to the trained neuralnetwork 209. An output includes the different image 252 together withmachine-generated annotations 253 of machine classifications of anyentities of interest within the different imaged 252. According to theillustrative example, a number of vehicles have been correctlyclassified and identified. Having further concluded that the trainedmodel is functioning with a sufficient degree of precision and/orreliability, the system may transition from a testing phase to anoperational phase in which other novel images may be processed andannotated in a like manner to identify entities of interest according tothe AI.

FIG. 2D depicts an illustrative embodiment of an AI-based,semi-supervised interactive image analysis process 270 in accordancewith various aspects described herein. A training image is received at271.

User input is obtained at 272. The user input may include a photographicimage, e.g., selection of an image from an image database, thatidentifies at least one entity of interest within the training image.For RAN planning applications, images may include aerial photographs asmay be obtained from aircraft, e.g., drones, and/or satellite images asmay be available in online databases, such as Google Earth.

A CNN is trained according to the training image and the user input at273. Namely, the CNN processes the training image to train a neuralnetwork given the image and a user annotation of an entity of interest.It is understood that the training image may include many objects thatmay include other, not yet identified, entities of interest as well asother objects. The trained neural network may be reapplied to the sametraining image to obtain machine-identified objects within the trainingimage. Some of the objects may be entities of interest, whereas othersmay be different objects, e.g., mischaracterized by the trained neuralnetwork.

A determination is made at 274 as to whether the training has beencompleted. For example, a user may evaluate the original training imagealong with machine-generated annotations of classified objects. To theextent it is determined at 274 that training has not been completed,e.g., the machine-generated annotations missed entities of interestand/or mis-classified other entities, the process continues from 273,obtaining supplemental user input identifying an entity of interestwithin the training image.

To the extent it is determined that training has been completed at 274that training has been completed, e.g., that the machine-generatedannotations adequately and/or sufficiently identified the entities ofinterest, the process 270 proceeds to an operational phase at 275.Adequacy and/or sufficiency may be established according to a positivethreshold. For example, the positive threshold may be set according tocorrect classifications, e.g., ranging from complete classification ofall entities of interest, to some acceptable fraction of classification,e.g., 90%, 75%, anything above 50%, and so on. Alternatively or inaddition, adequacy and/or sufficiency may be established according to anegative threshold. For example, the negative threshold may be setaccording to incorrect classifications, e.g., ranging from nomis-classification, to some acceptable fraction of mis-classification,e.g., 10%, 25%, anything below 50%, and so on. It is understood that thethresholds may be determined according to a rating, e.g., good, fair,poor, and/or according to a ranking or score, e.g., percentage(s) ofcorrect/incorrect classifications.

In at least some embodiments, the process 270 determined at 276 (shownin phantom) as to whether further training, e.g., retraining, may benecessary. To the extent it is determined at 276 that furthertraining/re-training is necessary, the process 270 continues from 272,receiving user input identifying an entity of interest within a trainingimage. The evaluation may be determined according to the positivethreshold, the negative threshold and/or a combination of positive andnegative thresholds. In some embodiments, it is understood that theactual thresholds applied such threshold evaluations may vary. Forexample, certain environments, such as dense urban environments mayprove particularly challenging. Accordingly, the thresholds may bereduced, allowing for some misses. It is understood that the process maybe performed according to relatively loose thresholds to identifycandidate regions, while excluding others. The process may then berepeated, e.g., for a subset of images according to more stringentthresholds depending upon results of the initial pass with the lessstringent thresholds.

To the extent it is determined at 276 that further training/re-trainingis unnecessary, the process 270 continues according to the operationalphase at 275.

In at least some embodiments, the determining whether retraining isnecessary 276 may be repeated. For example, the process 270 may acceptuser feedback indicating that additional training/re-training may benecessary. A user may observe at some time during the operational phase275 that machine generated classifications of objects may be inaccurateand/or incorrect. In at least some embodiments, the GUI provides a userselectable button to initiate/re-initiate a training/re-training. Theprocess 270 may proceed and/or otherwise revert to the training phase at272 based upon the last image processed. Alternatively or in addition,the process 270 may proceed according to a different test image.

It is envisioned that a neural network 209 (FIG. 1) trained according toimages obtained in a first region may not perform satisfactorily whenapplied to images obtained from a different region. Consider a systemtrained according to images obtained from a suburban or rural landscape.Although the system may perform admirably with novel images of similarlandscapes, the system may be challenged when presented with an imageobtained from an urban landscape. Accordingly, retraining may benecessary. As performance may be expected to vary according to differentlandscapes, it is understood that the same model may be retrainedaccording to the different landscapes, to obtain a refined neuralnetwork 209. Alternatively, a new model may be obtained from a neuralnetwork 209 trained according to the different landscapes, e.g., toobtain different models for different landscapes.

The different models developed according to such different regionsand/or landscapes may be stored separately and used depending upon whichenvironment the user is evaluating. In some embodiments, selection of anappropriate trained model may be made by a user selection at the GUI.Alternatively or in addition, the appropriate model may be selectedbased upon geocoordinates associated with the image and/or image set ofa particular region to be evaluated. Such geocoordinates may beautomatically assessed in association with terrain maps, geopoliticaldata, e.g., city limits, population density, property values, and thelike. Alternatively or in addition the appropriate model may be selectedaccording to machine learning, e.g., to generally identify buildingdensity, building height, vegetation, and the like.

In at least some embodiments, the processes disclosed herein can beapplied to detection and classification of physical entities, such asnetwork elements, from geo-referenced images. FIG. 2E depicts anillustrative embodiment of an AI-based map enrichment process 280 inaccordance with various aspects described herein. The process 280 may beused to enrich maps, photographs, charts, graphic displays, video andthe like, by providing additional information in an automated and/orsemi-automated fashion. Without limitation, the additional informationmay be in a form of descriptive information, e.g., textual contentand/or symbols. The descriptive information is related to a geolocationand/or a feature and/or region of a map, photograph, chart, etc. Thedescriptive information may identify a feature, an entity, and/or moregenerally a characteristic associated with a particular geolocation. Forexample, textual information may provide a description of an entityportrayed in a captured image of the corresponding location. Thedescription may include one or more words, phrases, includingabbreviations and/or acronyms. For example, textual information of anantenna tower or mast, may include the phrase “Antenna Tower,” or theword “Tower”, or the abbreviation “ANT.” Alternatively or in addition,symbolic information may include a symbol, such as a symbol of anantenna tower, a utility pole, a building, etc. In at least someembodiments, symbolic information may include a line, a curve, and/or apolygon that may be provided proximate to and/or bounding acorresponding entity, feature or characteristic at the correspondinggeolocation.

It is envisioned that in at least some embodiments, the information maybe encoded to distinguish between different types of categories. Forexample, descriptive information associated with categories suitable forantenna locations may be encoded according to a particular color, e.g.,“Green”, and/or a particular font, e.g., “Bold”. Similarly, descriptiveinformation associated with categories that may problematic and/orchallenging for RAN planning may be encoded according to a particularcolor, e.g., “Red”, and/or a particular font, e.g., “Italics” and/or“Highlight.”

The additional information may be positioned proximate to itscorresponding geolocation according to the map, photograph, chart, etc.For example, a map may be annotated according to the descriptiveinformation resulting in a annotated map. In at least some embodiments,the descriptive information may be provided as an overlay to a map,e.g., retained in a separate graphical entity adapted to position thedescriptive information according to corresponding geolocation(s) whenoverlaid upon the map. Alternatively or in addition, the information maybe retained separately from the geolocation, e.g., in a metadata portionof a map, photograph, chart, video, and/or in a table or catalog offeatures. It is understood that any recordings of enriching content insuch a separate manner may include associated geocoordinates and/orother suitable locating reference points, e.g., features within the map,photograph, chart, video, etc.

According to the process 280, a target entity and/or type of entity, isidentified at 281. For the illustrative RAN planning example, the targetentity includes an entity relevant to RAN planning, operation and/ormaintenance, referred to generally as a RAN target entity type.Identification of the RAN target entity type may include one or more ofa textual description, e.g., accepting a text entry and/or selectionfrom a dropdown list obtained via a user interface. Alternatively or inaddition, identification of the RAN target entity type may include anidentification of an image, a portion of an image, e.g., a particulargrid of an image portioned into sub images according to a gridstructure. For example, a user may select one or more grids that includethe target entity.

According to the process 280, an image to be evaluated, is processed inan automated fashion at 282, e.g., according to a classifier that mayinclude AI, to identify and/or categorize features portrayed within theimage according to the target entity. The AI may include a processingand/or evaluation of the image using a NN and/or a CNN. Based on anapplication of the AI, the image may be annotated and/or otherwisemarked or labeled, e.g., at 283, to identify RAN target entitiesaccording to the user selection. For example, the image is labeled byhighlighting, e.g., drawing a circle, a polygon or box, around anidentified RAN target entity. Identification of the RAN target entitiesmay be referred to generally as classification.

A labeled squared region is shown to the user and the user acknowledgesor changes the label. After showing several examples to the user, forregions that are not part of the initial training set, if the userfeedback is different from the classification, the classification modelis re-trained. This can continue until the classification is accurateand the user does not provide negative feedback (no incorrectclassification anymore).

The labeled image may be presented for display to obtain user feedbackat 284 via user equipment, e.g., according to a user interface and/or adisplay device. For example, the labeled image may include the originalimage or copy thereof with boxes drawn about image features classifiedaccording to the RAN target entity. User input may be obtainedresponsive to the display, e.g., via the user interface. The user inputprovides feedback that may acknowledge a correct characterization,and/or may identify an incorrect characterization and/or may identifyone or more additional RAN target entities within the same image thatmay have been missed or overlooked by the AI process.

Training the NN is according to several labeled regions. In some regionsthe geospatial entity exists and in other it does not exist. Forexample, in some images there is a utility pole and in others there isno utility pole. The classifier learns to label regions correctly. Forexample, the user marks regions representing positive examples, e.g.,regions that contain a communication tower, such positive markingssometimes referred to as positive labels. Alternatively or in addition,the user marks regions representing negative examples, e.g., regionsthat do not contain a communication tower, such negative markingssometimes referred to as negative labels. Any such marking and/orlabeling may be used as training set, e.g., an initial training set, totrain the NN. The classifier, e.g., the NN, may be improved in a likemanner according to an interactive process.

For example, a determination is made at 285 as to whether the classifierresults are satisfactory. To the extent the results are notsatisfactory, e.g., the classifier missed one or more target entitiesand/or mischaracterized one or more entities within the image. Athreshold for satisfactory results may be predetermined, e.g., accordingto a number of correct and/or incorrect classifications, a percentage ofcorrect and/or incorrect classifications, and the like. Alternatively orin addition, a determination of satisfactory results may be made upon anobjective determination by the user. For example, a user may simplyidentify that the results are acceptable, e.g., by providing an inputvia a user interface.

To the extent it is determined at 285 that the classifier results areunsatisfactory, the processes 280 repeats steps 282 through 284, againreturning to step 285 to determine whether the results are satisfactory.The process 280 may continue until it is determined at 285 thatsatisfactory results are obtained. Alternatively or in addition, theprocess may conclude that satisfactory results are obtained afterrepeating steps 282 through 285 for some maximum number of allowablerepeats, and/or according to an associated elapsed time exceeding athreshold.

To the extent it is determined at 285 that the classifier results aresatisfactory, the process 280 applies a suitably trained classifier to asecond image at 287 to identify the RAN target entity or entities withinthe second image. A RAN map, image, chart, or similar planning asset isadapted at 288 according to the classified RAN target entities. Forexample, when the RAN target entity is a radio tower, a RAN planning mapis annotated to identify radio towers within a corresponding image. Itis understood that the image may be any image portraying a geographicregion to be evaluated, such as a satellite image, an aerial image, animage obtained at ground level, etc., including images obtained via ageospatial information system. In some embodiments, the RAN planning mapis the geospatial image adapted to include enriching content, such astext, symbols, and/or highlighting, according to classification resultsobtained via the process 280. Alternative or in addition, the RANplanning map is separate from the geospatial images, potentiallycovering a region spanned by multiple such geospatial images. It isenvisioned that the process 280 may be repeated at 289. Such repetitionsmay be according to different RAN target entities and/or differentgeospatial images.

Maps may include, without limitation topographic maps that may includeimagery (NAIP), roads, place names, man-made structures, hydrography,and possibly elevation contours and boundaries. Such maps may includedigital raster graphics and/or digital line graphs, e.g., according to avector data format developed and distributed by the U.S. GeologicalSurvey. Alternatively or in addition, the maps may include a digitalsurface module, such as an elevation model that includes the top ofbuildings, tree canopy, powerlines and other features above the bareearth, and/or a bare earth model elevation model representing a surfaceof the Earth without features like houses, bridges and trees. It isunderstood that a registration process may be used to align and/orotherwise associate regions, entities, and/or features among one or moreof the maps, images, charts, videos, and the like. For example,registration may include, without limitation, alignment or assignment ofcoordinates from a non-projected coordinate system to a coordinatesystem.

In general, the training can be based on several labeled regions and notjust one region. The regions can be from one or more satellite images.It is also envisioned that in at least some embodiments, user input mayinclude geospatial relationships between entities. For example,streetlights often appear in fixed distances along a road. This featurecan be used for knowing where it is likely to search for a streetlightand where it is unlikely. These are features that are provided to theCNN but are based on the geospatial context and not just the image.

Classification may depend upon a technology employed by the RAN. Forexample, suitable antenna locations and/or possible interferers maydepend upon antenna sizes, e.g., 1 meter and above, versus 1 meter andbelow, antenna styles, e.g., dish, array, long-wire, and correspondingRF propagation characteristics. For example, in newer cellular networks,such as 5G and beyond, the carrier waves operate according to extremelyhigh-frequencies, having shortwave lengths, e.g., on an order ofmillimeters. Such high-frequency transmissions may be obstructed byvegetation and/buildings. It is understood that at least a portion of anRF signal may be reflected according to a size, an orientation and/or areflective property of a structure. In some embodiments, classificationmay identify features of geospatial entities, such as sizes,construction types and/or materials. For example, a building may beclassified as having glass exterior. A suitable annotation may beapplied to enrich a RAN planning map, since knowledge of a material onan exterior of buildings may facilitate a RAN planning process byallowing for more accurate computations of reflection.

In at least some embodiments, a machine-learning training process maymake use of geospatial relationships. For example, geospatialrelationships may be used as constraints in the training process.Constraints may be based on information available within thegeo-referenced image itself, such as a roadway, a building, a body ofwater, a boundary between different regions, such as a shoreline, and soon. Alternatively or in addition, . . . , e.g., unlikely to detect a carin the middle of a lake and likely to detect streetlights at regularspaces along a street. (3) Using the suggested method to adjust existingmodels to new geographic areas instead of training models from scratchfor new areas. For at least these reasons, the disclosed systems and/orprocesses may be distinguished from routine machine learning algorithmsand reinforcement learning.

While for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the respectiveprocesses are shown and described as a series of blocks in FIG. 2D, itis to be understood and appreciated that the claimed subject matter isnot limited by the order of the blocks, as some blocks may occur indifferent orders and/or concurrently with other blocks from what isdepicted and described herein. Moreover, not all illustrated blocks maybe required to implement the methods described herein.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a block diagram 300 is shown illustrating anexample, non-limiting embodiment of a virtualized communication networkin accordance with various aspects described herein. In particular avirtualized communication network is presented that can be used toimplement some or all of the subsystems and functions of communicationnetwork 100, the subsystems and functions of the example system 200, andthe example process 270 presented in FIGS. 1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E and 3.For example, virtualized communication network 300 can facilitate inwhole or in part receiving user data that labels one or more objectswithin a training image as a category of interest and applying the userdata and the training image to a CNN to obtain a trained result. Thetrained result may identify other machine-recognized features within thetraining image according to the category of interest. The trained resultmay be presented at a display device, allowing the user to evaluateaccuracy of the machine-recognized features. User-initiated feedback,e.g., identifying positive results (i.e., successful categorizations)and/or negative results (i.e., mis-categorizations) may be provided tothe CNN, which is adapted to re-evaluate the same image and/or adifferent image according to the user-initiated feedback. The processmay be repeated for multiple iterations, e.g., until a suitableperformance is achieved, after which the suitably trained CNN may beapplied to other novel images.

In particular, a cloud networking architecture is shown that leveragescloud technologies and supports rapid innovation and scalability via atransport layer 350, a virtualized network function cloud 325 and/or oneor more cloud computing environments 375. In various embodiments, thiscloud networking architecture is an open architecture that leveragesapplication programming interfaces (APIs); reduces complexity fromservices and operations; supports more nimble business models; andrapidly and seamlessly scales to meet evolving customer requirementsincluding traffic growth, diversity of traffic types, and diversity ofperformance and reliability expectations.

In contrast to traditional network elements—which are typicallyintegrated to perform a single function, the virtualized communicationnetwork employs virtual network elements (VNEs) 330, 332, 334, etc.,that perform some or all of the functions of network elements 150, 152,154, 156, etc. For example, the network architecture can provide asubstrate of networking capability, often called Network FunctionVirtualization Infrastructure (NFVI) or simply infrastructure that iscapable of being directed with software and Software Defined Networking(SDN) protocols to perform a broad variety of network functions andservices. This infrastructure can include several types of substrates.The most typical type of substrate being servers that support NetworkFunction Virtualization (NFV), followed by packet forwardingcapabilities based on generic computing resources, with specializednetwork technologies brought to bear when general purpose processors orgeneral purpose integrated circuit devices offered by merchants(referred to herein as merchant silicon) are not appropriate. In thiscase, communication services can be implemented as cloud-centricworkloads.

As an example, a traditional network element 150 (shown in FIG. 1), suchas an edge router can be implemented via a VNE 330 composed of NFVsoftware modules, merchant silicon, and associated controllers. Thesoftware can be written so that increasing workload consumes incrementalresources from a common resource pool, and moreover so that it'selastic: so the resources are only consumed when needed. In a similarfashion, other network elements such as other routers, switches, edgecaches, and middle-boxes are instantiated from the common resource pool.Such sharing of infrastructure across a broad set of uses makes planningand growing infrastructure easier to manage.

In an embodiment, the transport layer 350 includes fiber, cable, wiredand/or wireless transport elements, network elements and interfaces toprovide broadband access 110, wireless access 120, voice access 130,media access 140 and/or access to content sources 175 for distributionof content to any or all of the access technologies. In particular, insome cases a network element needs to be positioned at a specific place,and this allows for less sharing of common infrastructure. Other times,the network elements have specific physical layer adapters that cannotbe abstracted or virtualized, and might require special DSP code andanalog front-ends (AFEs) that do not lend themselves to implementationas VNEs 330, 332 or 334. These network elements can be included intransport layer 350.

The virtualized network function cloud 325 interfaces with the transportlayer 350 to provide the VNEs 330, 332, 334, etc., to provide specificNFVs. In particular, the virtualized network function cloud 325leverages cloud operations, applications, and architectures to supportnetworking workloads. The virtualized network elements 330, 332 and 334can employ network function software that provides either a one-for-onemapping of traditional network element function or alternately somecombination of network functions designed for cloud computing. Forexample, VNEs 330, 332 and 334 can include route reflectors, domain namesystem (DNS) servers, and dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP)servers, system architecture evolution (SAE) and/or mobility managemententity (MME) gateways, broadband network gateways, IP edge routers forIP-VPN, Ethernet and other services, load balancers, distributers andother network elements. Because these elements don't typically need toforward large amounts of traffic, their workload can be distributedacross a number of servers—each of which adds a portion of thecapability, and overall which creates an elastic function with higheravailability than its former monolithic version. These virtual networkelements 330, 332, 334, etc., can be instantiated and managed using anorchestration approach similar to those used in cloud compute services.

The cloud computing environments 375 can interface with the virtualizednetwork function cloud 325 via APIs that expose functional capabilitiesof the VNEs 330, 332, 334, etc., to provide the flexible and expandedcapabilities to the virtualized network function cloud 325. Inparticular, network workloads may have applications distributed acrossthe virtualized network function cloud 325 and cloud computingenvironment 375 and in the commercial cloud or might simply orchestrateworkloads supported entirely in NFV infrastructure from thesethird-party locations.

In some embodiments, such as the example system 300, a RAN planningprocessor 380 is in communication with one or more mobile devices 384 a,384 b, . . . 384 n, generally 284 and/or one or more static devices, 386a . . . 386 m, generally 386. In least some embodiments, such as theexample system 300, a CNN processor 382 is in communication with the RANplanning processor 380 and/or with one or more of the mobile devices 384and/or static devices, e.g., 386, and/or other components of thecommunication network virtualized network function, e.g., one or more ofthe virtual network elements 330, 332, 334.

The RAN planning processor 380 may be adapted to facilitate in whole orin part AI-based, semi-supervised interactive map enrichment for RANplanning. For example, the RAN planning processor 380 may, alone and/orin cooperation with one or more of the mobile devices 384, provide RANsite planning images and/or maps for presentation on user equipment.Such presentations may be in cooperation with a user interface adaptedto accept user feedback that may include labeling, e.g., identificationof one or more categories of interest, and/or feedback tomachine-generated categorizations. The CNN processor 382 may be adaptedto facilitate in whole or in part a machine-learning process torecognize and/or otherwise categorize features portrayed within RANplanning maps and/or images. The feedback may include positive feedbackidentifying correct categorizations and/or negative feedback identifyingincorrect categorizations and/or features that may have been missed inany machine categorization. The CNN processor 382 having suitablytrained a model may provide the model to one or more of the RAN planningprocessor 380 and/or the one or more mobile devices 384 to evaluateother novel RAN planning maps and/or images without necessarilyrequiring further assistance of the CNN processor 382.

Turning now to FIG. 4, there is illustrated a block diagram of acomputing environment in accordance with various aspects describedherein. In order to provide additional context for various embodimentsof the embodiments described herein, FIG. 4 and the following discussionare intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitablecomputing environment 400 in which the various embodiments of thesubject disclosure can be implemented. In particular, computingenvironment 400 can be used in the implementation of network elements150, 152, 154, 156, access terminal 112, base station or access point122, switching device 132, media terminal 142, and/or VNEs 330, 332,334, etc. Each of these devices can be implemented viacomputer-executable instructions that can run on one or more computers,and/or in combination with other program modules and/or as a combinationof hardware and software. For example, computing environment 400 canfacilitate in whole or in part receiving user data that labels one ormore objects within a training image as a category of interest andapplying the user data and the training image to a CNN to obtain atrained result. The trained result may identify other machine-recognizedfeatures within the training image according to the category ofinterest. The trained result may be presented at a display device,allowing the user to evaluate accuracy of the machine-recognizedfeatures. User-initiated feedback, e.g., identifying positive results(i.e., successful categorizations) and/or negative results (i.e.,mis-categorizations) may be provided to the CNN, which is adapted tore-evaluate the same image and/or a different image according to theuser-initiated feedback. The process may be repeated for multipleiterations, e.g., until a suitable performance is achieved, after whichthe suitably trained CNN may be applied to other novel images.

Generally, program modules comprise routines, programs, components, datastructures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particularabstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciatethat the methods can be practiced with other computer systemconfigurations, comprising single-processor or multiprocessor computersystems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personalcomputers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based orprogrammable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can beoperatively coupled to one or more associated devices.

As used herein, a processing circuit includes one or more processors aswell as other application specific circuits such as an applicationspecific integrated circuit, digital logic circuit, state machine,programmable gate array or other circuit that processes input signals ordata and that produces output signals or data in response thereto. Itshould be noted that while any functions and features described hereinin association with the operation of a processor could likewise beperformed by a processing circuit.

The illustrated embodiments of the embodiments herein can be alsopracticed in distributed computing environments where certain tasks areperformed by remote processing devices that are linked through acommunications network. In a distributed computing environment, programmodules can be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

Computing devices typically comprise a variety of media, which cancomprise computer-readable storage media and/or communications media,which two terms are used herein differently from one another as follows.Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media thatcan be accessed by the computer and comprises both volatile andnonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example,and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implementedin connection with any method or technology for storage of informationsuch as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structured dataor unstructured data.

Computer-readable storage media can comprise, but are not limited to,random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electricallyerasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or othermemory technology, compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM), digitalversatile disk (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes,magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devicesor other tangible and/or non-transitory media which can be used to storedesired information. In this regard, the terms “tangible” or“non-transitory” herein as applied to storage, memory orcomputer-readable media, are to be understood to exclude onlypropagating transitory signals per se as modifiers and do not relinquishrights to all standard storage, memory or computer-readable media thatare not only propagating transitory signals per se.

Computer-readable storage media can be accessed by one or more local orremote computing devices, e.g., via access requests, queries or otherdata retrieval protocols, for a variety of operations with respect tothe information stored by the medium.

Communications media typically embody computer-readable instructions,data structures, program modules or other structured or unstructureddata in a data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrierwave or other transport mechanism, and comprises any informationdelivery or transport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signalsrefers to a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set orchanged in such a manner as to encode information in one or moresignals. By way of example, and not limitation, communication mediacomprise wired media, such as a wired network or direct-wiredconnection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and otherwireless media.

With reference again to FIG. 4, the example environment can comprise acomputer 402, the computer 402 comprising a processing unit 404, asystem memory 406 and a system bus 408. The system bus 408 couplessystem components including, but not limited to, the system memory 406to the processing unit 404. The processing unit 404 can be any ofvarious commercially available processors. Dual microprocessors andother multiprocessor architectures can also be employed as theprocessing unit 404.

The system bus 408 can be any of several types of bus structure that canfurther interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memorycontroller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety ofcommercially available bus architectures. The system memory 406comprises ROM 410 and RAM 412. A basic input/output system (BIOS) can bestored in a non-volatile memory such as ROM, erasable programmable readonly memory (EPROM), EEPROM, which BIOS contains the basic routines thathelp to transfer information between elements within the computer 402,such as during startup. The RAM 412 can also comprise a high-speed RAMsuch as static RAM for caching data.

The computer 402 further comprises an internal hard disk drive (HDD) 414(e.g., EIDE, SATA), which internal HDD 414 can also be configured forexternal use in a suitable chassis (not shown), a magnetic floppy diskdrive (FDD) 416, (e.g., to read from or write to a removable diskette418) and an optical disk drive 420, (e.g., reading a CD-ROM disk 422 or,to read from or write to other high capacity optical media such as theDVD). The HDD 414, magnetic FDD 416 and optical disk drive 420 can beconnected to the system bus 408 by a hard disk drive interface 424, amagnetic disk drive interface 426 and an optical drive interface 428,respectively. The hard disk drive interface 424 for external driveimplementations comprises at least one or both of Universal Serial Bus(USB) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1394interface technologies. Other external drive connection technologies arewithin contemplation of the embodiments described herein.

The drives and their associated computer-readable storage media providenonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executableinstructions, and so forth. For the computer 402, the drives and storagemedia accommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format.Although the description of computer-readable storage media above refersto a hard disk drive (HDD), a removable magnetic diskette, and aremovable optical media such as a CD or DVD, it should be appreciated bythose skilled in the art that other types of storage media which arereadable by a computer, such as zip drives, magnetic cassettes, flashmemory cards, cartridges, and the like, can also be used in the exampleoperating environment, and further, that any such storage media cancontain computer-executable instructions for performing the methodsdescribed herein.

A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM 412,comprising an operating system 430, one or more application programs432, other program modules 434 and program data 436. All or portions ofthe operating system, applications, modules, and/or data can also becached in the RAM 412. The systems and methods described herein can beimplemented utilizing various commercially available operating systemsor combinations of operating systems.

A user can enter commands and information into the computer 402 throughone or more wired/wireless input devices, e.g., a keyboard 438 and apointing device, such as a mouse 440. Other input devices (not shown)can comprise a microphone, an infrared (IR) remote control, a joystick,a game pad, a stylus pen, touch screen or the like. These and otherinput devices are often connected to the processing unit 404 through aninput device interface 442 that can be coupled to the system bus 408,but can be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, anIEEE 1394 serial port, a game port, a universal serial bus (USB) port,an IR interface, etc.

A monitor 444 or other type of display device can be also connected tothe system bus 408 via an interface, such as a video adapter 446. Itwill also be appreciated that in alternative embodiments, a monitor 444can also be any display device (e.g., another computer having a display,a smart phone, a tablet computer, etc.) for receiving displayinformation associated with computer 402 via any communication means,including via the Internet and cloud-based networks. In addition to themonitor 444, a computer typically comprises other peripheral outputdevices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc.

The computer 402 can operate in a networked environment using logicalconnections via wired and/or wireless communications to one or moreremote computers, such as a remote computer(s) 448. The remotecomputer(s) 448 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, apersonal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainmentappliance, a peer device or other common network node, and typicallycomprises many or all of the elements described relative to the computer402, although, for purposes of brevity, only a remote memory/storagedevice 450 is illustrated. The logical connections depicted comprisewired/wireless connectivity to a local area network (LAN) 452 and/orlarger networks, e.g., a wide area network (WAN) 454. Such LAN and WANnetworking environments are commonplace in offices and companies, andfacilitate enterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all ofwhich can connect to a global communications network, e.g., theInternet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 402 can beconnected to the LAN 452 through a wired and/or wireless communicationnetwork interface or adapter 456. The adapter 456 can facilitate wiredor wireless communication to the LAN 452, which can also comprise awireless AP disposed thereon for communicating with the adapter 456.

When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 402 can comprisea modem 458 or can be connected to a communications server on the WAN454 or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN 454,such as by way of the Internet. The modem 458, which can be internal orexternal and a wired or wireless device, can be connected to the systembus 408 via the input device interface 442. In a networked environment,program modules depicted relative to the computer 402 or portionsthereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device 450. It willbe appreciated that the network connections shown are example and othermeans of establishing a communications link between the computers can beused.

The computer 402 can be operable to communicate with any wirelessdevices or entities operatively disposed in wireless communication,e.g., a printer, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portabledata assistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment orlocation associated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk,news stand, restroom), and telephone. This can comprise WirelessFidelity (Wi-Fi) and BLUETOOTH® wireless technologies. Thus, thecommunication can be a predefined structure as with a conventionalnetwork or simply an ad hoc communication between at least two devices.

Wi-Fi can allow connection to the Internet from a couch at home, a bedin a hotel room or a conference room at work, without wires. Wi-Fi is awireless technology similar to that used in a cell phone that enablessuch devices, e.g., computers, to send and receive data indoors and out;anywhere within the range of a base station. Wi-Fi networks use radiotechnologies called IEEE 802.11 (a, b, g, n, ac, ag, etc.) to providesecure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi network can beused to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and to wirednetworks (which can use IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet). Wi-Fi networks operatein the unlicensed 2.4 and 5 GHz radio bands for example or with productsthat contain both bands (dual band), so the networks can providereal-world performance similar to the basic 10BaseT and or 100BaseTwired Ethernet networks used in many offices.

When used in AI-based, semi-supervised interactive map enrichment forRAN planning, the computer 402 can include one or more applications 432that may be adapted to perform one or more of the techniques disclosedherein, such as functionality of one or more of the RAN planning server180, 380, the CNN processor 182, 382, and user equipment adapted topresent maps and/or images and to obtain user input in a form oflabeling and/or feedback to machine-generated categorizations.

Turning now to FIG. 5, an embodiment 500 of a mobile network platform510 is shown that is an example of network elements 150, 152, 154, 156,and/or VNEs 330, 332, 334, etc. For example, platform 510 can facilitatein whole or in part receiving user data that labels one or more objectswithin a training image as a category of interest and applying the userdata and the training image to a CNN to obtain a trained result. Thetrained result may identify other machine-recognized features within thetraining image according to the category of interest. The trained resultmay be presented at a display device, allowing the user to evaluateaccuracy of the machine-recognized features. User-initiated feedback,e.g., identifying positive results (i.e., successful categorizations)and/or negative results (i.e., mis-categorizations) may be provided tothe CNN, which is adapted to re-evaluate the same image and/or adifferent image according to the user-initiated feedback. The processmay be repeated for multiple iterations, e.g., until a suitableperformance is achieved, after which the suitably trained CNN may beapplied to other novel images. In one or more embodiments, the mobilenetwork platform 510 can generate and receive signals transmitted andreceived by base stations or access points such as base station oraccess point 122. Generally, mobile network platform 510 can comprisecomponents, e.g., nodes, gateways, interfaces, servers, or disparateplatforms, that facilitate both packet-switched (PS) (e.g., internetprotocol (IP), frame relay, asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)) andcircuit-switched (CS) traffic (e.g., voice and data), as well as controlgeneration for networked wireless telecommunication. As a non-limitingexample, mobile network platform 510 can be included intelecommunications carrier networks, and can be considered carrier-sidecomponents as discussed elsewhere herein. Mobile network platform 510comprises CS gateway node(s) 512 which can interface CS traffic receivedfrom legacy networks like telephony network(s) 540 (e.g., publicswitched telephone network (PSTN), or public land mobile network (PLMN))or a signaling system #7 (SS7) network 560. CS gateway node(s) 512 canauthorize and authenticate traffic (e.g., voice) arising from suchnetworks. Additionally, CS gateway node(s) 512 can access mobility, orroaming, data generated through SS7 network 560; for instance, mobilitydata stored in a visited location register (VLR), which can reside inmemory 530. Moreover, CS gateway node(s) 512 interfaces CS-based trafficand signaling and PS gateway node(s) 518. As an example, in a 3GPP UMTSnetwork, CS gateway node(s) 512 can be realized at least in part ingateway GPRS support node(s) (GGSN). It should be appreciated thatfunctionality and specific operation of CS gateway node(s) 512, PSgateway node(s) 518, and serving node(s) 516, is provided and dictatedby radio technology(ies) utilized by mobile network platform 510 fortelecommunication over a radio access network 520 with other devices,such as a radiotelephone 575.

In addition to receiving and processing CS-switched traffic andsignaling, PS gateway node(s) 518 can authorize and authenticatePS-based data sessions with served mobile devices. Data sessions cancomprise traffic, or content(s), exchanged with networks external to themobile network platform 510, like wide area network(s) (WANs) 550,enterprise network(s) 570, and service network(s) 580, which can beembodied in local area network(s) (LANs), can also be interfaced withmobile network platform 510 through PS gateway node(s) 518. It is to benoted that WANs 550 and enterprise network(s) 570 can embody, at leastin part, a service network(s) like IP multimedia subsystem (IMS). Basedon radio technology layer(s) available in technology resource(s) orradio access network 520, PS gateway node(s) 518 can generate packetdata protocol contexts when a data session is established; other datastructures that facilitate routing of packetized data also can begenerated. To that end, in an aspect, PS gateway node(s) 518 cancomprise a tunnel interface (e.g., tunnel termination gateway (TTG) in3GPP UMTS network(s) (not shown)) which can facilitate packetizedcommunication with disparate wireless network(s), such as Wi-Finetworks.

In embodiment 500, mobile network platform 510 also comprises servingnode(s) 516 that, based upon available radio technology layer(s) withintechnology resource(s) in the radio access network 520, convey thevarious packetized flows of data streams received through PS gatewaynode(s) 518. It is to be noted that for technology resource(s) that relyprimarily on CS communication, server node(s) can deliver trafficwithout reliance on PS gateway node(s) 518; for example, server node(s)can embody at least in part a mobile switching center. As an example, ina 3GPP UMTS network, serving node(s) 516 can be embodied in serving GPRSsupport node(s) (SGSN).

For radio technologies that exploit packetized communication, server(s)514 in mobile network platform 510 can execute numerous applicationsthat can generate multiple disparate packetized data streams or flows,and manage (e.g., schedule, queue, format . . . ) such flows. Suchapplication(s) can comprise add-on features to standard services (forexample, provisioning, billing, customer support . . . ) provided bymobile network platform 510. Data streams (e.g., content(s) that arepart of a voice call or data session) can be conveyed to PS gatewaynode(s) 518 for authorization/authentication and initiation of a datasession, and to serving node(s) 516 for communication thereafter. Inaddition to application server, server(s) 514 can comprise utilityserver(s), a utility server can comprise a provisioning server, anoperations and maintenance server, a security server that can implementat least in part a certificate authority and firewalls as well as othersecurity mechanisms, and the like. In an aspect, security server(s)secure communication served through mobile network platform 510 toensure network's operation and data integrity in addition toauthorization and authentication procedures that CS gateway node(s) 512and PS gateway node(s) 518 can enact. Moreover, provisioning server(s)can provision services from external network(s) like networks operatedby a disparate service provider; for instance, WAN 550 or GlobalPositioning System (GPS) network(s) (not shown). Provisioning server(s)can also provision coverage through networks associated to mobilenetwork platform 510 (e.g., deployed and operated by the same serviceprovider), such as the distributed antennas networks shown in FIG. 1(s)that enhance wireless service coverage by providing more networkcoverage.

It is to be noted that server(s) 514 can comprise one or more processorsconfigured to confer at least in part the functionality of mobilenetwork platform 510. To that end, the one or more processor can executecode instructions stored in memory 530, for example. It is should beappreciated that server(s) 514 can comprise a content manager, whichoperates in substantially the same manner as described hereinbefore.

In example embodiment 500, memory 530 can store information related tooperation of mobile network platform 510. Other operational informationcan comprise provisioning information of mobile devices served throughmobile network platform 510, subscriber databases; applicationintelligence, pricing schemes, e.g., promotional rates, flat-rateprograms, couponing campaigns; technical specification(s) consistentwith telecommunication protocols for operation of disparate radio, orwireless, technology layers; and so forth. Memory 530 can also storeinformation from at least one of telephony network(s) 540, WAN 550, SS7network 560, or enterprise network(s) 570. In an aspect, memory 530 canbe, for example, accessed as part of a data store component or as aremotely connected memory store.

In order to provide a context for the various aspects of the disclosedsubject matter, FIG. 5, and the following discussion, are intended toprovide a brief, general description of a suitable environment in whichthe various aspects of the disclosed subject matter can be implemented.While the subject matter has been described above in the general contextof computer-executable instructions of a computer program that runs on acomputer and/or computers, those skilled in the art will recognize thatthe disclosed subject matter also can be implemented in combination withother program modules. Generally, program modules comprise routines,programs, components, data structures, etc., that perform particulartasks and/or implement particular abstract data types.

When used in AI-based, semi-supervised interactive map enrichment forRAN planning, the embodiment 500 of the mobile network platform 510 mayinclude one or more of functionality 589 at the server(s) 514,functionality 588 operational within the RAN 520 and/or functionality584 operational within the mobile device 575. One or more of thedisclosed functionalities 584, 588, 589 can be adapted to perform one ormore of the techniques disclosed herein, such as functionality of one ormore of the RAN planning server 180, 380, the CNN processor 182, 382,and user equipment adapted to present maps and/or images and to obtainuser input in a form of labeling and/or feedback to machine-generatedcategorizations, according to the various techniques disclosed herein.

Turning now to FIG. 6, an illustrative embodiment of a communicationdevice 600 is shown. The communication device 600 can serve as anillustrative embodiment of devices such as data terminals 114, mobiledevices 124, vehicle 126, display devices 144 or other client devicesfor communication via either communications network 125. For example,computing device 600 can facilitate in whole or in part receiving userdata that labels one or more objects within a training image as acategory of interest and applying the user data and the training imageto a CNN to obtain a trained result. The trained result may identifyother machine-recognized features within the training image according tothe category of interest. The trained result may be presented at adisplay device, allowing the user to evaluate accuracy of themachine-recognized features. User-initiated feedback, e.g., identifyingpositive results (i.e., successful categorizations) and/or negativeresults (i.e., mis-categorizations) may be provided to the CNN, which isadapted to re-evaluate the same image and/or a different image accordingto the user-initiated feedback. The process may be repeated for multipleiterations, e.g., until a suitable performance is achieved, after whichthe suitably trained CNN may be applied to other novel images.

The communication device 600 can comprise a wireline and/or wirelesstransceiver 602 (herein transceiver 602), a user interface (UI) 604, apower supply 614, a location receiver 616, a motion sensor 618, anorientation sensor 620, and a controller 606 for managing operationsthereof. The transceiver 602 can support short-range or long-rangewireless access technologies such as Bluetooth®, ZigBee®, WiFi, DECT, orcellular communication technologies, just to mention a few (Bluetooth®and ZigBee® are trademarks registered by the Bluetooth® Special InterestGroup and the ZigBee® Alliance, respectively). Cellular technologies caninclude, for example, CDMA-1X, UMTS/HSDPA, GSM/GPRS, TDMA/EDGE, EV/DO,WiMAX, SDR, LTE, as well as other next generation wireless communicationtechnologies as they arise. The transceiver 602 can also be adapted tosupport circuit-switched wireline access technologies (such as PSTN),packet-switched wireline access technologies (such as TCP/IP, VoIP,etc.), and combinations thereof.

The UI 604 can include a depressible or touch-sensitive keypad 608 witha navigation mechanism such as a roller ball, a joystick, a mouse, or anavigation disk for manipulating operations of the communication device600. The keypad 608 can be an integral part of a housing assembly of thecommunication device 600 or an independent device operably coupledthereto by a tethered wireline interface (such as a USB cable) or awireless interface supporting for example Bluetooth®. The keypad 608 canrepresent a numeric keypad commonly used by phones, and/or a QWERTYkeypad with alphanumeric keys. The UI 604 can further include a display610 such as monochrome or color LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), OLED(Organic Light Emitting Diode) or other suitable display technology forconveying images to an end user of the communication device 600. In anembodiment where the display 610 is touch-sensitive, a portion or all ofthe keypad 608 can be presented by way of the display 610 withnavigation features.

The display 610 can use touch screen technology to also serve as a userinterface for detecting user input. As a touch screen display, thecommunication device 600 can be adapted to present a user interfacehaving graphical user interface (GUI) elements that can be selected by auser with a touch of a finger. The display 610 can be equipped withcapacitive, resistive or other forms of sensing technology to detect howmuch surface area of a user's finger has been placed on a portion of thetouch screen display. This sensing information can be used to controlthe manipulation of the GUI elements or other functions of the userinterface. The display 610 can be an integral part of the housingassembly of the communication device 600 or an independent devicecommunicatively coupled thereto by a tethered wireline interface (suchas a cable) or a wireless interface.

The UI 604 can also include an audio system 612 that utilizes audiotechnology for conveying low volume audio (such as audio heard inproximity of a human ear) and high volume audio (such as speakerphonefor hands free operation). The audio system 612 can further include amicrophone for receiving audible signals of an end user. The audiosystem 612 can also be used for voice recognition applications. The UI604 can further include an image sensor 613 such as a charged coupleddevice (CCD) camera for capturing still or moving images.

The power supply 614 can utilize common power management technologiessuch as replaceable and rechargeable batteries, supply regulationtechnologies, and/or charging system technologies for supplying energyto the components of the communication device 600 to facilitatelong-range or short-range portable communications. Alternatively, or incombination, the charging system can utilize external power sources suchas DC power supplied over a physical interface such as a USB port orother suitable tethering technologies.

The location receiver 616 can utilize location technology such as aglobal positioning system (GPS) receiver capable of assisted GPS foridentifying a location of the communication device 600 based on signalsgenerated by a constellation of GPS satellites, which can be used forfacilitating location services such as navigation. The motion sensor 618can utilize motion sensing technology such as an accelerometer, agyroscope, or other suitable motion sensing technology to detect motionof the communication device 600 in three-dimensional space. Theorientation sensor 620 can utilize orientation sensing technology suchas a magnetometer to detect the orientation of the communication device600 (north, south, west, and east, as well as combined orientations indegrees, minutes, or other suitable orientation metrics).

The communication device 600 can use the transceiver 602 to alsodetermine a proximity to a cellular, WiFi, Bluetooth®, or other wirelessaccess points by sensing techniques such as utilizing a received signalstrength indicator (RSSI) and/or signal time of arrival (TOA) or time offlight (TOF) measurements. The controller 606 can utilize computingtechnologies such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP),programmable gate arrays, application specific integrated circuits,and/or a video processor with associated storage memory such as Flash,ROM, RAM, SRAM, DRAM or other storage technologies for executingcomputer instructions, controlling, and processing data supplied by theaforementioned components of the communication device 600.

Other components not shown in FIG. 6 can be used in one or moreembodiments of the subject disclosure. For instance, the communicationdevice 600 can include a slot for adding or removing an identity modulesuch as a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card or Universal IntegratedCircuit Card (UICC). SIM or UICC cards can be used for identifyingsubscriber services, executing programs, storing subscriber data, and soon.

The terms “first,” “second,” “third,” and so forth, as used in theclaims, unless otherwise clear by context, is for clarity only anddoesn't otherwise indicate or imply any order in time. For instance, “afirst determination,” “a second determination,” and “a thirddetermination,” does not indicate or imply that the first determinationis to be made before the second determination, or vice versa, etc.

In the subject specification, terms such as “store,” “storage,” “datastore,” data storage,” “database,” and substantially any otherinformation storage component relevant to operation and functionality ofa component, refer to “memory components,” or entities embodied in a“memory” or components comprising the memory. It will be appreciatedthat the memory components described herein can be either volatilememory or nonvolatile memory, or can comprise both volatile andnonvolatile memory, by way of illustration, and not limitation, volatilememory, non-volatile memory, disk storage, and memory storage. Further,nonvolatile memory can be included in read only memory (ROM),programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM),electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory cancomprise random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cachememory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available inmany forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM),synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhancedSDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM).Additionally, the disclosed memory components of systems or methodsherein are intended to comprise, without being limited to comprising,these and any other suitable types of memory.

Moreover, it will be noted that the disclosed subject matter can bepracticed with other computer system configurations, comprisingsingle-processor or multiprocessor computer systems, mini-computingdevices, mainframe computers, as well as personal computers, hand-heldcomputing devices (e.g., PDA, phone, smartphone, watch, tabletcomputers, netbook computers, etc.), microprocessor-based orprogrammable consumer or industrial electronics, and the like. Theillustrated aspects can also be practiced in distributed computingenvironments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices thatare linked through a communications network; however, some if not allaspects of the subject disclosure can be practiced on stand-alonecomputers. In a distributed computing environment, program modules canbe located in both local and remote memory storage devices.

In one or more embodiments, information regarding use of services can begenerated including services being accessed, media consumption history,user preferences, and so forth. This information can be obtained byvarious methods including user input, detecting types of communications(e.g., video content vs. audio content), analysis of content streams,sampling, and so forth. The generating, obtaining and/or monitoring ofthis information can be responsive to an authorization provided by theuser. In one or more embodiments, an analysis of data can be subject toauthorization from user(s) associated with the data, such as an opt-in,an opt-out, acknowledgement requirements, notifications, selectiveauthorization based on types of data, and so forth.

Some of the embodiments described herein can also employ artificialintelligence (AI) to facilitate automating one or more featuresdescribed herein. The embodiments (e.g., in connection withautomatically identifying acquired cell sites that provide a maximumvalue/benefit after addition to an existing communication network) canemploy various AI-based schemes for carrying out various embodimentsthereof. Moreover, the classifier can be employed to determine a rankingor priority of each cell site of the acquired network. A classifier is afunction that maps an input attribute vector, x=(x1, x2, x3, x4, . . . ,xn), to a confidence that the input belongs to a class, that is,f(x)=confidence (class). Such classification can employ a probabilisticand/or statistical-based analysis (e.g., factoring into the analysisutilities and costs) to determine or infer an action that a user desiresto be automatically performed. A support vector machine (SVM) is anexample of a classifier that can be employed. The SVM operates byfinding a hypersurface in the space of possible inputs, which thehypersurface attempts to split the triggering criteria from thenon-triggering events. Intuitively, this makes the classificationcorrect for testing data that is near, but not identical to trainingdata. Other directed and undirected model classification approachescomprise, e.g., naïve Bayes, Bayesian networks, decision trees, neuralnetworks, fuzzy logic models, and probabilistic classification modelsproviding different patterns of independence can be employed.Classification as used herein also is inclusive of statisticalregression that is utilized to develop models of priority.

Map enrichment may be useful for any application that builds maps orrequires accurate and updated maps. In an example context of networkplanning, map enrichment may be supported by applying the iterative,user-assisted machine-learning techniques disclosed herein to identifyof potential locations for antennas, like poles, towers, high buildings,etc. Alternatively or in addition, the same techniques may be applied toaid in discovery of obstructions to wireless transmissions likevegetation, buildings, features of the terrain. Likewise, the techniquesmay be applied to detection of other features that may assist networkplanners in achieving a better understanding of the environment, such asavailable access roads, power infrastructure, types of buildings, e.g.,residential vs. commercial, antennas of competitors, etc.

It is understood that interactive and dynamic map enrichment may beapplied to other applications, without limitation, including real-timeimages, to detect temporary features of the environment such as trafficconditions, gathering of people in a particular place, vehicles of acertain type in a specific area, etc. Beneficially, such image analysismay be accomplished dynamically and flexibly in comparison to standardrigid processes of training a model and verifying it based on data thatwere labeled independently, with no ability to interact and re-labelresults.

As will be readily appreciated, one or more of the embodiments canemploy classifiers that are explicitly trained (e.g., via a generictraining data) as well as implicitly trained (e.g., via observing UEbehavior, operator preferences, historical information, receivingextrinsic information). For example, SVMs can be configured via alearning or training phase within a classifier constructor and featureselection module. Thus, the classifier(s) can be used to automaticallylearn and perform a number of functions, including but not limited todetermining according to predetermined criteria which of the acquiredcell sites will benefit a maximum number of subscribers and/or which ofthe acquired cell sites will add minimum value to the existingcommunication network coverage, etc.

As used in some contexts in this application, in some embodiments, theterms “component,” “system” and the like are intended to refer to, orcomprise, a computer-related entity or an entity related to anoperational apparatus with one or more specific functionalities, whereinthe entity can be either hardware, a combination of hardware andsoftware, software, or software in execution. As an example, a componentmay be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, aprocessor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution,computer-executable instructions, a program, and/or a computer. By wayof illustration and not limitation, both an application running on aserver and the server can be a component. One or more components mayreside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component maybe localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or morecomputers. In addition, these components can execute from variouscomputer readable media having various data structures stored thereon.The components may communicate via local and/or remote processes such asin accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., datafrom one component interacting with another component in a local system,distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet withother systems via the signal). As another example, a component can be anapparatus with specific functionality provided by mechanical partsoperated by electric or electronic circuitry, which is operated by asoftware or firmware application executed by a processor, wherein theprocessor can be internal or external to the apparatus and executes atleast a part of the software or firmware application. As yet anotherexample, a component can be an apparatus that provides specificfunctionality through electronic components without mechanical parts,the electronic components can comprise a processor therein to executesoftware or firmware that confers at least in part the functionality ofthe electronic components. While various components have beenillustrated as separate components, it will be appreciated that multiplecomponents can be implemented as a single component, or a singlecomponent can be implemented as multiple components, without departingfrom example embodiments.

Further, the various embodiments can be implemented as a method,apparatus or article of manufacture using standard programming and/orengineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware or anycombination thereof to control a computer to implement the disclosedsubject matter. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein isintended to encompass a computer program accessible from anycomputer-readable device or computer-readable storage/communicationsmedia. For example, computer readable storage media can include, but arenot limited to, magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk,magnetic strips), optical disks (e.g., compact disk (CD), digitalversatile disk (DVD)), smart cards, and flash memory devices (e.g.,card, stick, key drive). Of course, those skilled in the art willrecognize many modifications can be made to this configuration withoutdeparting from the scope or spirit of the various embodiments.

In addition, the words “example” and “exemplary” are used herein to meanserving as an instance or illustration. Any embodiment or designdescribed herein as “example” or “exemplary” is not necessarily to beconstrued as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments ordesigns. Rather, use of the word example or exemplary is intended topresent concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, theterm “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive“or”. That is, unless specified otherwise or clear from context, “Xemploys A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusivepermutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both Aand B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoinginstances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in thisapplication and the appended claims should generally be construed tomean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context tobe directed to a singular form.

Moreover, terms such as “user equipment,” “mobile station,” “mobile,”subscriber station,” “access terminal,” “terminal,” “handset,” “mobiledevice” (and/or terms representing similar terminology) can refer to awireless device utilized by a subscriber or user of a wirelesscommunication service to receive or convey data, control, voice, video,sound, gaming or substantially any data-stream or signaling-stream. Theforegoing terms are utilized interchangeably herein and with referenceto the related drawings.

Furthermore, the terms “user,” “subscriber,” “customer,” “consumer” andthe like are employed interchangeably throughout, unless contextwarrants particular distinctions among the terms. It should beappreciated that such terms can refer to human entities or automatedcomponents supported through artificial intelligence (e.g., a capacityto make inference based, at least, on complex mathematical formalisms),which can provide simulated vision, sound recognition and so forth.

As employed herein, the term “processor” can refer to substantially anycomputing processing unit or device comprising, but not limited tocomprising, single-core processors; single-processors with softwaremultithread execution capability; multi-core processors; multi-coreprocessors with software multithread execution capability; multi-coreprocessors with hardware multithread technology; parallel platforms; andparallel platforms with distributed shared memory. Additionally, aprocessor can refer to an integrated circuit, an application specificintegrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a fieldprogrammable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic controller (PLC), acomplex programmable logic device (CPLD), a discrete gate or transistorlogic, discrete hardware components or any combination thereof designedto perform the functions described herein. Processors can exploitnano-scale architectures such as, but not limited to, molecular andquantum-dot based transistors, switches and gates, in order to optimizespace usage or enhance performance of user equipment. A processor canalso be implemented as a combination of computing processing units.

As used herein, terms such as “data storage,” data storage,” “database,”and substantially any other information storage component relevant tooperation and functionality of a component, refer to “memorycomponents,” or entities embodied in a “memory” or components comprisingthe memory. It will be appreciated that the memory components orcomputer-readable storage media, described herein can be either volatilememory or nonvolatile memory or can include both volatile andnonvolatile memory.

What has been described above includes mere examples of variousembodiments. It is, of course, not possible to describe everyconceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes ofdescribing these examples, but one of ordinary skill in the art canrecognize that many further combinations and permutations of the presentembodiments are possible. Accordingly, the embodiments disclosed and/orclaimed herein are intended to embrace all such alterations,modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope ofthe appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes”is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term isintended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” as“comprising” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in aclaim.

In addition, a flow diagram may include a “start” and/or “continue”indication. The “start” and “continue” indications reflect that thesteps presented can optionally be incorporated in or otherwise used inconjunction with other routines. In this context, “start” indicates thebeginning of the first step presented and may be preceded by otheractivities not specifically shown. Further, the “continue” indicationreflects that the steps presented may be performed multiple times and/ormay be succeeded by other activities not specifically shown. Further,while a flow diagram indicates a particular ordering of steps, otherorderings are likewise possible provided that the principles ofcausality are maintained.

As may also be used herein, the term(s) “operably coupled to”, “coupledto”, and/or “coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/orindirect coupling between items via one or more intervening items. Suchitems and intervening items include, but are not limited to, junctions,communication paths, components, circuit elements, circuits, functionalblocks, and/or devices. As an example of indirect coupling, a signalconveyed from a first item to a second item may be modified by one ormore intervening items by modifying the form, nature or format ofinformation in a signal, while one or more elements of the informationin the signal are nevertheless conveyed in a manner than can berecognized by the second item. In a further example of indirectcoupling, an action in a first item can cause a reaction on the seconditem, as a result of actions and/or reactions in one or more interveningitems.

Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and describedherein, it should be appreciated that any arrangement which achieves thesame or similar purpose may be substituted for the embodiments describedor shown by the subject disclosure. The subject disclosure is intendedto cover any and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments.Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments notspecifically described herein, can be used in the subject disclosure.For instance, one or more features from one or more embodiments can becombined with one or more features of one or more other embodiments. Inone or more embodiments, features that are positively recited can alsobe negatively recited and excluded from the embodiment with or withoutreplacement by another structural and/or functional feature. The stepsor functions described with respect to the embodiments of the subjectdisclosure can be performed in any order. The steps or functionsdescribed with respect to the embodiments of the subject disclosure canbe performed alone or in combination with other steps or functions ofthe subject disclosure, as well as from other embodiments or from othersteps that have not been described in the subject disclosure. Further,more than or less than all of the features described with respect to anembodiment can also be utilized.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for annotating a map, comprising:receiving, by a processing system including a processor, input from userequipment, the input identifying a first wireless network entity of aplurality of wireless network entities, to obtain a user-identifiedentity portrayed within a training image of a geographical region toobtain a user-identified feature; training, by the processing system, aneural network according to the training image and the user-identifiedentity to obtain a first trained result that identifies amachine-recognized entity of the training image, the training furthercomprising: sending, by the processing system, the training image andthe first trained result to the user equipment for display at a displaydevice, resulting in a displayed training result; receiving, by theprocessing system and from the user equipment, user-initiated feedbackresponsive to the displayed training result; and determining, by theprocessing system, a training score responsive to the user-initiatedfeedback; responsive to the training score not exceeding a trainingthreshold: re-training, by the processing system, the neural networkaccording to the training image and the user-initiated feedback toobtain a second trained result that identifies an updatedmachine-recognized entity of the training image; and responsive to thetraining score exceeding the training threshold: annotating, by theprocessing system, a map according to the machine-recognized entity toobtain an annotated map.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the firstwireless network entity comprises an antenna mount, and wherein thereceiving of the user-initiated feedback further comprises identifying asubregion of the training image comprising the user-identified entity.3. The method of claim 2, wherein the training image comprises aplurality of image segments determined according to a predeterminedsegmentation.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the subregion of thetraining image comprises a particular image of the plurality of imagesegments, and wherein the antenna mount comprises one or a tower, autility pole, or a building.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein theuser-identified feature comprises a feature for mounting a wirelessnetwork antenna, a feature for impeding operation of a wireless networkantenna, or both.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining ofthe training score further comprises determining a first fractionaccording to a number of machine-recognized entities correctlyidentified of a number of entities observable within the training image.7. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining of the training scorefurther comprises determining a second fraction according to a number ofmachine-recognized entities incorrectly identified within the trainingimage.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the determining of the trainingscore further comprises determining a third fraction according to anumber of machine-recognized entities correctly identified of a numberof entities observable within the training image.
 9. The method of claim1, further comprising: responsive to the training score exceeding thetraining threshold: storing, by the processing system, the neuralnetwork to obtain a stored neural network; receiving a test image; andapplying, by the processing system the stored neural network to the testimage to obtain a test result.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein theuser-identified feature comprises a feature for mounting a wirelessnetwork antenna, a feature for impeding operation of a wireless networkantenna, or both.
 11. A non-transitory, machine-readable mediumcomprising executable instructions that, when executed by a processingsystem including a processor, facilitate performance of operations, theoperations comprising: obtaining input from user equipment, the inputidentifying a first network feature of a plurality of network featuresof a training image of a geographical region to obtain a user-identifiedfeature; training a neural network according to the training image andthe user-identified feature to obtain a first trained result thatidentifies a machine-recognized feature of the training image, thetraining further comprising: providing the training image and the firsttrained result for display at a display device, resulting in a displayedtraining result; obtaining, from the user equipment, user-initiatedfeedback responsive to the displayed training result; and determining atraining result responsive to the user-initiated feedback; responsive tothe training result not satisfying a training requirement: re-trainingthe neural network according to the training image and theuser-initiated feedback to obtain a second trained result thatidentifies an updated machine-recognized feature of the training image;and responsive to the training result satisfying a training requirement:annotating a map according to the machine-recognized feature to obtainan annotated map.
 12. The non-transitory, machine-readable medium ofclaim 11, wherein the obtaining of the user-initiated feedback furthercomprises identifying a subregion of the training image comprising theuser-identified feature.
 13. The non-transitory, machine-readable mediumof claim 12, wherein the training image comprises a plurality of imagesegments determined according to a predetermined segmentation.
 14. Thenon-transitory, machine-readable medium of claim 13, wherein thesubregion of the training image comprises a particular image of theplurality of image segments.
 15. The non-transitory, machine-readablemedium of claim 11, wherein the user-identified feature comprises afeature for mounting a wireless network antenna, a feature for impedingoperation of a wireless network antenna, or both.
 16. A device,comprising: a processing system including a processor; and a memory thatstores executable instructions that, when executed by the processingsystem, facilitate performance of operations, the operations comprising:obtaining input from user equipment, the input identifying a firstnetwork feature of a plurality of network features of a training imageof a geographical region to obtain a user-identified feature; providingthe training image and the user-identified feature to a neural networkadapted to train itself according to the training image and theuser-identified features to obtain a first trained result thatidentifies a machine-recognized feature of the training image, thetraining further comprising: providing the training image and the firsttrained result for display at a display device, resulting in a displayedtraining result; obtaining, from the user equipment, user-initiatedfeedback responsive to the displayed training result; and determining atraining result responsive to the user-initiated feedback; responsive tothe training result not satisfying a training requirement: providing theuser-initiated feedback to the neural network adapted to re-trainaccording to the user-initiated feedback to obtain a second trainedresult that identifies an updated machine-recognized feature of thetraining image; and responsive to the training result satisfying atraining requirement: annotating a map according to themachine-recognized feature to obtain an annotated map.
 17. The device ofclaim 16, wherein the obtaining of the user-initiated feedback furthercomprises identifying a subregion of the training image comprising theuser-identified feature.
 18. The device of claim 17, wherein thetraining image comprises a plurality of image segments determinedaccording to a predetermined segmentation.
 19. The device of claim 18,wherein the subregion of the training image comprises a particular imageof the plurality of image segments.
 20. The device of claim 16, whereinthe user-identified feature comprises a feature for mounting a wirelessnetwork antenna, a feature for impeding operation of a wireless networkantenna, or both.